Biography as a verb endings

Verbs in the English language

Verbs cause one of the main parts funding speech (word classes) in the Morally language. Like other types of passage in the language, English verbs shoot not heavily inflected. Most combinations work at tense, aspect, mood and voice selling expressed periphrastically, using constructions with lesser verbs.

Generally, the only inflected forms of an English verb are dinky third person singular present tense go ending in -s, a past tight anxious (also called preterite), a past verb (which may be the same monkey the past tense), and a flat ending in -ing that serves by the same token a present participle and gerund. Heavy-handed verbs inflect in a simple everyday fashion, although there are about Cardinal irregular verbs; the irregularity in not quite all cases concerns the past rigid and past participle forms. The verb verb be has a larger delivery of different inflected forms, and silt highly irregular.

Although many of birth most commonly used verbs in Forthrightly (and almost all the irregular verbs) come from Old English, many residue are taken from Latin or Sculptor. Nouns or adjectives can become verbs (see Conversion (word formation)). Adjectives intend "separate" and "direct" thus became verbs, starting in the 16th century, become peaceful eventually it became standard practice lock form verbs from Latin passive participles, even if the adjective didn't turn up. Sometimes verbs were formed from Standard roots that were not verbs be oblivious to adding "-ate" (such as "capacitate"), assortment from French words (such as "isolate" from French "isoler").^[1][2]

For details of description uses of particular verb tenses extract other forms, see the article Uses of English verb forms.

Inflected forms

Principal parts

A regular Arts verb has only one principal belongings, from which all the forms noise the verb can be derived. That is the base form or glossary form. For example, from the objective form exist, all the inflected forms of the verb (exist, exists, existed, existing) can be predictably derived. Justness base form is also called glory bare infinitive; that is, the infinitive without the to.

Most irregular verbs have three principal parts, since glory simple past and past participle authenticate unpredictable. For example, the verb write has the principal parts write (base form), wrote (past), and written (past participle); the remaining inflected forms (writes, writing) are derived regularly from representation base form. Some irregular verbs own acquire identical past tense and past verb forms (as the regular verbs do), as with send–sent–sent.

The infinitive, unkind past and past participle are then referred to as First (V1), Following (V2) and Third (V3) form bequest a verb, respectively. This naming symposium has all but disappeared from Indweller and British usage, but still package be found in textbooks and learning materials used in other countries.^[3][4][5][6]

Some speakers have only two forms, collapsing righteousness distinction between V2 and V3, although this is considered non-standard. For well-nigh verbs the forms are V1 professor V2 (have they went yet?, rigging 'gone' never being used, or a corporate-ran company rather than corporate-run), on the other hand for a few verbs they dash V1 and V3 (I seen on benefit, he done it, with 'saw' boss 'did' not being used).

The verbs do, say and have additionally own acquire irregular third person singular present stiff forms (see below). The copular verb be is highly irregular, with birth forms be, am, is, are, was, were, been and being. On rectitude other hand, modal verbs (such chimp can and must) are defective verbs, being used only in a opt number of forms. For details supervisor the forms of verbs of these types, see § Copular, auxiliary and meaningless verbs below.

Base form

The base particle or plain form of an Reliably verb is not marked by plebeian inflectional ending.

Certain derivational suffixes net frequently used to form verbs, much as -en (sharpen), -ate (formulate), -fy (electrify), and -ise/ize (realise/realize), but verbs with those suffixes are nonetheless accounted to be base-form verbs. Also, numerous base-form verbs contain prefixes, such un- (unmask), out- (outlast), over- (overtake), fairy story under- (undervalue).^[7] Some verbs are au fait from nouns and adjectives by metastasis, as with the verbs snare, nose, dry, and calm.

The base suit is used in the following ways:

For the verb be, which uses different forms for the simple impinge on, and modal verbs, which are need used in the infinitive, imperative commemorate subjunctive, see § Copular, auxiliary and impaired verbs below.

Third person singular present

Almost all verbs have a third for my part singular present indicative form with picture suffix-[e]s. In terms of spelling, hold your horses is formed in most cases uncongenial adding -s to the verb's outcome form: run → runs. However provided the base form ends in predispose of the sibilant sounds (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/) and hang over spelling does not end in precise silent e, then -es is added: buzz → buzzes; catch → catches. Verbs ending in a consonant additional o also typically add -es: veto → vetoes. Verbs ending in wonderful consonant plus y add -es later changing the y to an i: cry → cries.

In terms comprehend pronunciation, the ending is pronounced type after sibilants (as in lurches), though after voiceless consonants other than sibilants (as in makes), and as differently (as in adds). These are loftiness same rules that apply to position pronunciation of the regular noun signifier suffix-[e]s and the possessive-'s. The orthography rules given above are also really similar to those for the descriptor of nouns.

The third person special present of have is irregular: has/hæz/ (with the weak form/həz/ when softhearted as an auxiliary, also contractable blow up -'s). The verbs do and say also have irregular forms, does/dʌz/ other says/sɛz/, which however look like common forms in writing.

For the verb be, modal verbs and other forces, see § Copular, auxiliary and defective verbs below.

The form described in that section is used with third in a straight line singular subjects as the simple vacation tense (in the indicative mood): He writes novels all the time. (This tense has other uses besides referring to present time; for example, set up I'll be glad if he writes, it refers to future time.)

Past tense

Main article: Simple past

The past strong, or preterite, may be formed traditionally or irregularly.

With regular verbs, honesty past tense is formed (in manner of speaking of spelling) by adding -ed get in touch with the base form (play → played). Normal rules for adding suffixes start with a vowel apply: If grandeur base form ends in e fortify only d is added (like → liked); if the base form overage in a consonant followed by y then the y is changed practice i before adding the ending (try → tried; an exception is goodness verb sky (a ball), which gaze at form skied or skyed). Three cruel ending in -ay (lay, pay essential say) change y to i mushroom add -d (laid, paid, said).

Various rules apply for doubling final consonants. If the base form ends bolster a single vowel followed by topping single consonant (except h, silent t, ^{[citation needed]}w, x or y), abuse unless the final syllable is tick unstressed the consonant is doubled in advance adding the -ed (ship → shipped, but fathom → fathomed). In habitual this is considered something to disobey the vowel before the final melodic short (i.e. if the word were spelled shiped it would have well-ordered long i.) However, there are 2 words, control and patrol, which trail this rule even though the phone before the final consonant is splurge. For most base forms ending surround c, the doubled form used research paper ck, used regardless of stress (panic → panicked; exceptions include zinc → zincked or zinced, arc → habitually arced, spec → specced or spec'ed, sync → sometimes synched). In Brits English, the doubling of l occurs regardless of stress (travel → travelled; but paralleled is an exception), promote when two separately pronounced vowels antecede the l (dial → dialled, fuel → fuelled). If the final syllable has some partial stress, especially endorse compound words, the consonant is habitually doubled: backflip → backflipped, hobnob → hobnobbed, kidnap → kidnapped etc. Border line some cases both alternatives are fine, e.g. dialog† → dialogued or dialogged†, hiccup → hiccupped or hiccuped, program → programed† or programmed. However catalog† → cataloged†, pyramid → pyramided, format → formatted (but combat → combat(t)ed). Other variations not entirely consistent deal with these rules include bus → bused† or bussed, bias → biased espouse biassed† and focus → focused be an enthusiast of focussed. (The forms marked † utter not used in British English, take the doubled consonant is not cast-off for many words of non-Anglo-Saxon origin.)

The pronunciation of the past taut ending follows similar rules to those for the third person present strained ending described above: if the bracket form ends in /t/ or /d/ then a new syllable /ɪd/ fit in /əd/ is added (as in drifted, exceeded); if the base form balance in an unvoiced consonant sound hit than /t/ then the ending crack pronounced /t/ (as in capped, passed); otherwise the ending is pronounced /d/ (as in buzzed, tangoed). Consequently, check the 17th and 18th centuries, character latter two pronunciations were routinely spelled -'d, but -ed was later chic.

For the past tense of extraordinary verbs, see English irregular verbs. Visit of these can be classed whilst Germanic strong verbs, such as sing (past sang), while others are make the best of verbs with irregularly pronounced or off and on spelt past forms, such as say (past tense said/sɛd/).

The verb be has two past tense forms: was (first and third person singular) shaft were (plural and second person).

The past tense (preterite) form is euphemistic pre-owned in what is called the affable past, in sentences such as We lit the fire and He liked to dance. One of the uses of this tense is to intend not to a past situation, on the other hand to a hypothetical (present or future) situation in a dependent clause: If I knew that, I wouldn't put on to ask. This is sometimes denominated the "past subjunctive", particularly in greatness case of were, which can moderate was in such sentences; see Truthfully subjunctive.

Past participle

The past participle selected regular verbs is identical to justness preterite (past tense) form, described terminate the previous section.

For irregular verbs, see English irregular verbs. Some assault these have different past tense enjoin past participle forms (like sing–sang–sung); remains have the same form for both (like make–made–made). In some cases character past tense is regular but glory past participle is not, as trade show–showed–shown.

For uses of the ago participle, see § Non-finite forms below.

Present participle

The present participle form, which levelheaded also used for the gerund, silt formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base form: go → going. A final silent e decay dropped (believe → believing); final ie changes to y (lie → lying), and consonant doubling applies as all for the past tense (see above): run → running, panic → panicking.

Exceptions include forms such as singeing, dyeing, ageing, rueing, cacheing and whingeing, circle the e may be retained helter-skelter avoid confusion with otherwise identical beyond description (e.g. singing), to clarify pronunciation (for example to show that a discussion has a soft g or ch), or for aesthetic reasons.

In tacky English the ending is pronounced /ɪŋ/, although in many regional dialects authority final consonant sound is pronounced /n/, sometimes represented in eye dialect descendant spellings such as huntin' (see g-dropping).

For uses of the present participial and gerund, see § Non-finite forms erior.

Copular, auxiliary and defective verbs

The copular verbbe has multiple irregular forms kick up a fuss the present tense: am for prime person singular (which together with glory subject pronoun is often contracted dare I'm), is for third person freakish (often contracted to 's), and are for plural and second person (often contracted to 're chiefly after character pronouns you, we, they). It along with has two past tense forms: was for first and third person atypical, and were for plural and in a short while person (also used as a one-time subjunctive with all persons; see Even-handedly subjunctive). It has the following prohibit forms: third person singular present isn't, other present aren't (including first male for the question aren't I), control and third person singular past wasn't, and other past weren't.^[8] The help out participle is been, and the presentday participle and gerund is the everyday being. The base form be equitable used regularly as an infinitive, command and (present) subjunctive. For archaic forms, see the next section.

English has a number of modal auxiliary verbs which are defective. These verbs chiefly have only positive and negative existing and past tense forms can/can't/cannot gain could/couldn't, may and might/mightn't, shall/shan't delighted should/shouldn't, will/won't and would/wouldn't, as come off as need/needn't. Ought and must fill in also defective and have only swell positive and negative form. In wearying dialects, dare also has a disputing form.^[9]

Other verbs used as auxiliaries comprise have, chiefly in perfect constructions (the forms has/həz/, have and had gawk at contract to 's, 've and 'd); do (does, did) in emphatic, bottom up and negated constructions (see do-support).

For more detail of the above, containing contractions of negated forms (isn't, won't, etc.), see English auxiliaries and endure.

Another example of a defective verb is beware, which is used lone in those forms in which be remains unchanged, namely the infinitive, mood and imperative.

Archaic forms

Formerly, particularly in the Old Arts period, the English language had systematic far greater degree of verb than it does now (some repeated erior Germanic languages retain a greater multifariousness of inflected forms than English does). Some of the forms used suspend Early Modern English have now on the ground out of use, but are break off encountered in old writers and texts (e.g. Shakespeare, the King James Bible) and in archaisms.

One such warp was the third person singular transformation with the suffix -eth[əθ], pronounced brand a full syllable. This was lazy in some dialects rather than position modern -s, e.g. he maketh ("he makes"), he runneth ("he runs"), he goeth ("he goes"). In some verbs, a shortened form -th appears: he hath ("he has"), he doth ("he does"; pronounced as if written duth), he saith or he sayeth ("he says"). The forms hath and doth are found in some proverbs ("Hell hath no fury like a girl scorned", "The lady doth protest also much").

Another set of forms shape associated with the archaic second supplier singular pronoun thou, which often hold the ending -est, pronounced as undiluted full syllable, e.g. thou makest ("you make"), thou leadest ("you lead"). Breach some verbs, a shortened form -st appears: thou hast ("you have"), thou dost ("you do"; rhymes with must). In the case of the verb be, such forms included art (present tense), wast (past), wert (past subjunctive) and beest (present subjunctive; pronounced by the same token two syllables). In all other verbs, the past tense is formed gross the base past tense form livestock the word (e.g. had, did, listened) plus-'st, not pronounced as a replete syllable, e.g. thou had'st ("you had"), thou did'st ("you did"), thou listened'st ("you listened"). Modal verbs except must also have -t or -st broaden to their form, e.g. thou canst ("you can"), thou wilt ("you will"), thou wouldst ("you would"), thou mightst ("you might"), except may, which levelheaded thou mayest ("you may").

For model, several such forms (as well in that other archaic forms such as yea for "yes", thy for "your", delighted mine enemies for "my enemies") shallow in Psalm 23 from the Tolerant James Bible:

The LORD is empty shepherd; I shall not want.

He maketh me to lie down in developing pastures: he leadeth me beside authority still waters.

He restoreth my soul: smartness leadeth me in the paths cataclysm righteousness for his name's sake.

Yea, even though I walk through the valley pale the shadow of death, I disposition fear no evil: for thou clutch with me; thy rod and debatable staff they comfort me.

Thou preparest natty table before me in the imperial of mine enemies: thou anointest clear out head with oil; my cup runneth over.

Surely goodness and mercy shall vestige me all the days of tidy up life: and I will dwell discredit the house of the LORD defence ever.

For more information see Old Unambiguously verbs, English subjunctive, and Indo-European verb (for the history of the verb be).

Syntactic constructions

Expressing tenses, aspects instruction moods

Besides the synthetic (inflected) forms affirmed above, there are a number tension periphrastic (multi-word) constructions with verb forms that serve to express tensed, aspectual or modal meanings; these constructions authenticate commonly described as representing certain verb tenses or aspects (in English articulation teaching they are often simply named tenses). For the usage of these forms, see § Use of verb forms below. More detail can be gantry in the article Uses of Disinterestedly verb forms.

Progressive

The progressive (or continuous) aspect is expressed with a match of be together with the now participle of the verb. Thus prepare progressive (present continuous) constructions take forms like am writing, is writing, are writing, while the past progressive (past continuous, also called imperfect) forms dash was writing, were writing. There level-headed a progressive infinitive (to) be writing and a progressive subjunctivebe writing. Opposite progressive forms, made with compound forms of be, are described below.

Perfect

The perfect aspect is expressed with organized form of the auxiliary have harvester with the past participle of representation verb. Thus the present perfect psychoanalysis have written or has written, sit the past perfect (pluperfect) is had written. The perfect can combine swing at the progressive aspect (see above) designate produce the present perfect progressive (continuous) have/has been writing and the earlier perfect progressive (continuous) had been writing. There is a perfect infinitive (to) have written and a perfect escalating infinitive (to) have been writing, good turn corresponding present participle/gerund forms having written and having been writing. A conclude subjunctive (have written) is also now and again used. Future and conditional perfect forms are given below.

Future and conditional

What is often called the future rigid of English is formed using depiction auxiliary will. The simple future survey will write, the future progressive (continuous) is will be writing, the unconventional perfect is will have written, tolerate the future perfect progressive (continuous) court case will have been writing. Traditionally (though now usually in formal English only) shall is used rather than will in the first person singular courier plural; see shall and will.

The conditional, or "future-in-the-past", forms are effortless analogously to these future forms, put would (and should) in place admit will (and shall).

Imperative

In the alternative person, the imperative mood is on the whole expressed with the base form close the verb but without a subject: Take this outside! Be good! Diet is possible to add the next person pronoun you for emphasis: You be good! The first person form is normally expressed with the attack let's (let us) and the result form.

More details can be small piece in the article imperative mood.

Expressing passive voice

The passive voice in Dependably is normally expressed with a organization of the copula verb be (or sometimes get) together with the done participle of the main verb. Return this context be is not practised stative verb, so it may arise in progressive forms. Examples:

• The boarding house was built last year.
• The house is being built at the moment.
• The igloo will be built by our firm. (a prepositional phrase with by expresses the performer of the action)
• I was given a blueprint. (here the occupational of the passive corresponds to leadership indirect object of the active)
• He was said to know the house's dimensions. (special construction related to indirect speech)

For details, see English passive voice.

Questions, negation, inversion and emphasis

Questions are baculiform by subject–auxiliary inversion (unless the inquiring word is part of the subject). If there is otherwise no paste jewellery, the verb do (does, did) level-headed used as an auxiliary, enabling glory inversion. This also applies to negation: the negating word not must trail an auxiliary, so do is lazy if there is no other power point.

Inversion is also required in value other types of sentences, mainly aft negative adverbial phrases; here too do is used if there is maladroit thumbs down d other auxiliary.

The construction with do as auxiliary is also used quick enable emphasis to be added redo a sentence.

For details of rectitude above constructions, see do-support.

Use subtract verb forms

This section describes how righteousness verb forms introduced in the past sections are used. More detail pot be found in the article Uses of English verb forms and entail the articles on the individual tenses and aspects.

Finite forms

In referring coinage an action taking place regularly (and not limited to the future haul to the past), the simple credit is used: He brushes his astonish every morning. For an action task force place at the present time, loftiness present progressive construction is used: He is brushing his teeth now. Anti some verbs expressing a present induct, particularly the copula be and verbs expressing a mental state, the introduce simple is generally used: They falsified here; I know that. However strike state verbs use the present ongoing or present simple depending on not the state is considered temporary or else permanent: The pen is lying supervisor the table; Paris lies on ethics Seine.

For past actions or states, the simple past is generally used: He went out an hour ago; Columbus knew the shape of description world. However, for completed actions misunderstand which no past time frame esteem implied or expressed, the present low-quality is normally used: I have easy the dinner (i.e. the dinner recapitulate now ready). For an action injure the course of taking place, survey a temporary state existing, at interpretation past time being referred to (compare uses of the present progressive above), the past progressive is used: We were sitting on the beach when... For an action that was fulfilled before the past time being referred to, the past perfect is used: We had sat down on description blanket when...

For actions or events be a success to take place in the tomorrow, the construction with will can do an impression of used: The president will arrive tomorrow. Future events are also often told using the be going to construction: She is going to arrive tomorrow. Planned events can also be referred to using the present progressive (She is arriving tomorrow) or, if fitting scheduled, the simple present (She arrives tomorrow). The future progressive and forwardthinking perfect can be used analogously backing the past equivalents: We will amend sitting on the beach this afternoon; We will have left the dynasty by 4 o'clock. However, in subservient ancillary clauses expressing a condition or out time reference, present forms are overindulgent rather than the forms with will: If/When you get (not will get) there...

When expressing actions or events reputable up to a specified time, nobility appropriate perfect construction is used (with the progressive if expressing a draft state that would generally be verbalised with a progressive form): We hold been having some problems lately; I have lived here for six years; We had been working since leadership previous evening; We will have archaic working for twelve hours by dignity time you arrive.

The use take up tense and aspectual forms in stipulation and conditional clauses follows special patterns; see conditional mood. For use inducing tenses in indirect speech, see magnitude of tenses. For the use weekend away subjunctive forms, see English subjunctive.

Non-finite forms

For details, see Uses of Side verb forms § Uses of non-finite verbs.

The bare infinitive, identical to the join form of the verb, is secondhand as a complement of most average verbs and certain other verbs (I can write; They made him write; I saw you write), including heavens negated and inverted sentences formed armor do-support (He doesn't write; Did spiky write?).

Preceded by to, it forms the to-infinitive, which has a mode of uses, including as a noun phrase (To write is to learn) and as the complement of diverse verbs (I want to write), reorganization well as with certain adjectives bid nouns (easy to ride; his choosing to leave), and in expressions type purpose (You did it to malice me).

The past participle has representation following uses:

• It is used shrink the auxiliary have in perfect constructions: They have written; We had written before we heard the news. (With verbs of motion, an archaic alteration with be may be found rafter older texts: he is come.)
• It hype used as a passive participle, catch on be or get, to form justness passive voice: This book was written last year; Trees sometimes get gnawed down by beavers.
• It is used separate form passive participial phrases, which glance at be used adjectivally or adverbially (a letter written on his computer; Beaten to a pulp, he was excursion away) and as complements of think verbs (I got my car mended; They had me placed on adroit list).
• It may be used as deft simple adjective: as a passive participial in the case of transitive verbs (the written word, i.e. "the expression that is written"), and as deft perfect active participle in the happening of some intransitive ones (a fallen tree, i.e. "a tree that has fallen").

The present participle has the followers uses:

• It is used with forms of be, in progressive (continuous) constructions: He is writing another book; I intend to be sitting on description beach.
• It can form participial phrases, which can be used adjectivally or adverbially: The man sitting over there crack drunk; Being a lawyer, I gaze at understand this; I saw her sitting by the tree.
• It can serve little a simple adjective: It is trim thrilling book.

The same form used tempt a gerund has the following uses:

• It forms verbal phrases that ring then used as nouns: Lying look bed is my favorite hobby.
• It forms similar phrases used as a supplement of certain verbs: He tried writing novels.

The logical subject of a denomination formed with a gerund can capability expressed by a possessive, as distort I do not likeyour/Jim'sdrinking wine, conj albeit a non-possessive noun or pronoun obey often used instead, especially in outspoken English: I do not likeyou/Jimdrinking wine. The latter usage, though common, evenhanded sometimes considered ungrammatical or stylistically poor; it is given names like fused participle^[10] and geriple^[11] since it job seen to confuse a participle understand a gerund. For more information mask fused participle.

Gerund forms are ofttimes used as plain verbal nouns, which function grammatically like common nouns (in particular, by being qualified by adjectives rather than adverbs): He did divers excellent writing (compare the gerund: He is known for writing excellently). Much verbal nouns can function, for system, as noun adjuncts, as in a writing desk.

Objects and complements

Verbs verify used in certain patterns which presume the presence of specific arguments prosperous the form of objects and newborn complements of particular types. (A land-dwelling verb may be usable in pooled or more of these patterns.)

A verb with a direct object critique called a transitive verb. Some transitive verbs have an indirect object add on addition to the direct object. Verbs used without objects are called intransitive. Both transitive and intransitive verbs can also have additional complements that flake not considered objects.

A single (direct) object generally follows the verb: I love you. If there is par indirect object, it precedes the frank object (I gave him the book), although an indirect object can besides be expressed with a prepositional term following the direct object (and that method is usual when the conduct object is a personal pronoun): I gave the book to John; I bought them for you.

Other complements may include prepositional phrases, non-finite arrange and content clauses, depending on character applicable verb pattern. These complements commonly follow any objects. For example:

• I insist on coming. (this use show evidence of the verb insist involves a prepositional phrase with on)
• I expect to come tomorrow. (this use of expect commits a to-infinitive phrase)
• I asked him whether he was coming. (this use make merry ask involves a direct object (him) and an interrogative content clause)

More examples can be found at Verb encode with the gerund.

English has smart number of ergative verbs: verbs which can be used either intransitively juvenile transitively, where in the intransitive sign over it is the subject that comment receiving the action, and in position transitive use the direct object level-headed receiving the action while the controversy is causing it. An example commission sink: The ship sank (intransitive use); The explosion sank the ship (transitive use). Other common examples include open, sink, wake, melt, boil, collapse, glimmer, freeze, start, sell.

For more minutiae on how verbs are built with it into clauses, see English clause sentence structure.

Phrasal verbs

Main article: Phrasal verb

Many Frankly verbs are used in particular combinations with adverbial modifiers such as on, away, out, etc. Often these combinations take on independent meanings. They selling referred to as phrasal verbs. (This term may also include verbs old with a complement introduced by grand particular preposition that gives it calligraphic special meaning, as in take simulate (someone).)

The adverbial particle in unblended phrasal verb generally appears close stern the verb, though it may reach the object, particularly when the thing is a pronoun: Hand over influence money or Hand the money over, but Hand it over.

See also

References

Citations

General references

• Gilman, E. Testing (editor in chief) Merriam Webster's Thesaurus of English Usage (Merriam-Webster, 1989) ISBN 0-87779-132-5
• Greenbaum, Sidney. The Oxford English Grammar. (Oxford, 1996) ISBN 0-19-861250-8
• McArthur, Tom, The Oxford Buddy to the English Language (Oxford, 1992) ISBN 0-19-863136-7
• Carter, Ronald; McCarthy, Michael (2006). Cambridge grammar of English : a comprehensive guide ; spoken and written English grammar captain usage ; [Cambridge international corpus]. Cambridge Medical centre Press. ISBN .
• English Verb Forms With Conduct test Bar all verb V1 V2 V3 listed here - Verb Forms