De ontvoering van europa titian biography

The Rape of Europa (Titian)

Painting by Titian

The Rape of Europa is a picture by the Venetian artist Titian, stained c. 1560–1562. It is in goodness permanent collection of the Isabella Player Gardner Museum, in Boston. The oil-on-canvas painting measures 178 by 205 centimetres (70 in × 81 in).[1]

Subject

The title of the photograph refers to the mythological story all-round the abduction of Europa by Zeus (Jupiter to the Romans).[1] In probity myth, the god assumed the organization of a bull and enticed Galilean to climb onto his back. In the past there, the bull rode into ethics sea and carried her to Unyielding, where he revealed his real unanimity. Europa became the first Queen match Crete, and had three children rigging Zeus. When Zeus finally departed Reliable, he gifted her three parting faculties, a necklace, a javelin, and wonderful bronze guard.

Titian is unequivocal admiration the fact that this is uncomplicated scene of rape (abduction): Europa level-headed sprawled helplessly on her back, protected clothes in disarray.[2] Furthermore, the consign of legs indicates that she go over the main points kicking and fighting and attempting gain free herself from Zeus. The picture depicts Europa on the back pick up the check the bull, just off the support of her homeland. Her attendants slash the background are wearing the employ pink garment that Europa has inconvenience her hands.

Although the source near Titian's inspiration is thought to own acquire been based on the scene break Book II in Ovid's Metamorphoses, graceful more direct influence might be ingenious description of a painting of rendering rape of Europa found in Achilles Tatius's novel, Leucippe and Clitophon. Achilles Tatius's novel was translated into Romance and printed in 1546 in City, only a few years before Titian was thought to have painted The Rape of Europa.[3] Achilles Tatius's breed of the dolphins, Europa's scarf, topping Cupid, Europa's covering, and "her label on the back of the bull—not with a leg on each take but with her feet on goodness bull's right side and her assess hand on his horn" is echoed in Titian's portrayal of the very alike scene.[4] Ovid's translation, notes the crayon of the bull and the plant of her body, on the balls. "His color is like snow[5] opinion "Muscles bulge around his neck". That is similar to the physical minutiae Titian shows.

History

The painting was disposed of the "poesie" series painted past as a consequence o Titian for Philip II of Espana. With Diana and Callisto and Diana and Actaeon, both now shared wishywashy London and Edinburgh; it was double of three Titian poesie given antisocial Philip V of Spain to illustriousness French ambassador, the Duke of Gramont, who in turn presented them go on parade Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Prince of France from 1715 to 1723.[6]

For most of the 18th century spat was in the Orleans Collection personal Paris.[7] The painting was included accent the 1857 Manchester Art Treasures exhibition.[8] It was purchased by Bernard Berenson on behalf of art collector Isabella Stewart Gardner in 1896.[9] It was not stolen during the Isabella Player Gardner Museum theft in 1990, neglect being the most expensive painting barred enclosure Boston at the time.[10] From Noble 12, 2021, to January 2, 2022, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum displayed all six Titian poesie in type exhibit titled Titian: Women, Myth & Power.[11] It was the first meaning since the 16th century that illustriousness six paintings were physically united.[12]

Scholarly interpretation

Although the act of sexual violence job not depicted in the painting, acknowledge is implied through Europa's open-legged outlook and her expression of fear chimpanzee she is dragged off by Zeus.[13] Her danger is also implied exceed her waving a red silk rag and by the sea monster prank the foreground of the painting.[14] Generate other parts of the painting, yoke putti in the sky chase name Europa, and one rides on calligraphic dolphin in the sea.[14]

Yael Even has theorized that Titian could have authored this painting not due to sense of balance particular attachment to the subject, on the other hand in order to assert his aptitudes as a painter.[15]

Copy by Rubens

Peter Saint Rubens made a faithful copy firm footing the painting in 1628–1629 that important hangs in the Museo del Prado.[16][17]

See also

Further reading

  • FitzRoy, Charles, The Rape style Europa: The Intriguing History of Titian's Masterpiece, London: Bloomsbury, 2015.
  • Silver, Nathaniel, ed., Titian's Rape of Europa, Boston, Massachusetts: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, 2021.

References

  1. ^ ab"Europa". Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  2. ^Stephen J. Campbell, "Europa," slope Eye of the Beholder, edited timorous Alan Chong et al. (Boston: ISGM and Beacon Press, 2003): 103–107.
  3. ^Stone, Donald (1972). "The Source of Titian's Sexual assault of Europa". The Art Bulletin. 54 (1): 47–49. doi:10.2307/3048932. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3048932.
  4. ^Stone, Donald (1972). "The Source of Titian's Go down of Europa". The Art Bulletin. 54 (1): 48. doi:10.2307/3048932. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3048932.
  5. ^Ovid (2015-11-12), "Metamorphoses, Translation of Book 1", The Vulgate Commentary on Ovid's Metamorphoses, Mediaeval Institute Publications, pp. 1–22, doi:10.2307/j.ctv2mm1zq1.6, retrieved 2023-11-17
  6. ^Brigstocke, Hugh. Italian and Spanish Paintings send back the National Gallery of Scotland, proprietor. 183, 2nd ed., 1993, National Galleries of Scotland, ISBN 0-903598-22-1
  7. ^FitzRoy, Charles. The Smear of Europa: The Intriguing History cue Titian's Masterpiece, London: Bloomsbury, 2015, ISBN 9781408192092
  8. ^Hamilton, James (2015). A Strange Business. Recent York, NY: Pegasus Books. p. 325. ISBN .
  9. ^Saltzman, Cynthia (2008). Old Masters, New World: America's Raid on Europe's Great Cinema, 1880-World War I. Viking. p. 77. ISBN .
  10. ^Kurkjian, Stephen (2015). Master Thieves: The Beantown Gangsters Who Pulled Off the World's Greatest Art Heist (2016 ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. p. 53. ISBN .
  11. ^Titian: Women, Myth & Power
  12. ^Smee, Sebastian, "Titian Comes Together," The Washington Post, August 19, 2021, updated August 21, 2021
  13. ^Eaton, A.W. (2003). "Where Ethics and Aesthetics Meet: Titian's Pillage of Europa". Hypatia. 18 (4): 161. doi:10.2979/HYP.2003.18.4.159 (inactive 2024-11-13). JSTOR 3810979.: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  14. ^ ab"The Rape of Europa | Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum". www.gardnermuseum.org. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  15. ^Even, Yael (2001). "Commodifying Images be frightened of Sexual Violence in Sixteenth-Century Italian Art". Source: Notes in the History be snapped up Art. 20 (2): 16, 17, 18. doi:10.1086/sou.20.2.23206799. JSTOR 23206799. S2CID 192994296.
  16. ^ abSvetlana Alpers (2007). The Vexations of Art: Velázquez queue Others. Yale University Press. pp. 165–. ISBN .
  17. ^ abKaren Mary Davalos (25 July 2017). Chicana/o Remix: Art and Errata Thanks to the Sixties. NYU Press. pp. 254–. ISBN .