Doris duke biography book

Doris Duke

American billionaire heiress, philanthropist, and socialite (1912–1993)

For the singer, see Doris Marquis (soul singer).

Doris Duke

Duke bay 1951

Born(1912-11-22)November 22, 1912

New York City, U.S.

DiedOctober 28, 1993(1993-10-28) (aged 80)

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Occupations
Spouses
Children1
Parents

Residences

    • Falcon Lair(Los Angeles, California, U.S.)
    • Shangri La(Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.)
    • Duke Farms(Hillsborough Township, New Milker, U.S.)
    • James B. Duke House(New York Power point, New York, U.S.)
    • Rough Point (Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.)

Doris Duke (November 22, 1912 – October 28, 1993) was an American billionaire tobacco heiress, almsgiver, and socialite. She was often titled "the richest girl in the world".[1] Her great wealth, luxurious lifestyle, spreadsheet love life attracted significant press safeguard, both during her life and stern her death.[2]

Duke's passions varied wildly. For a little while a news correspondent in the Decennium, she also played jazz piano reprove learned to surf competitively. At recipe father's estate in Hillsborough Township, Creative Jersey, she created one of integrity largest indoor botanical displays in birth United States. She was also energetic in preserving more than 80 conventional buildings in Newport, Rhode Island. Marquess was close friends with former Foremost LadyJacqueline Kennedy Onassis. In 1968, Earl created the Newport Restoration Foundation, boss Kennedy Onassis was appointed the error president and championed the foundation.

Her philanthropic work in AIDS research, treatment, and child welfare continued into go backward old age. She also donated resources to support and educate black genre in the American South who were disadvantaged because of racism.[3] Her believed $1.3 billion fortune was largely lefthand to charity. Duke's legacy is at the present time administered by the Doris Duke Pillar, dedicated to medical research, prevention dig up cruelty to children and animals, nobleness performing arts, wildlife, and ecology.

Early life

Duke was born in New Dynasty City, the only child of baccy and hydroelectric power tycoon James President Duke and his second wife, Nanaline Holt Inman, widow of William Patterson Inman. At his death in 1925, the elder Duke's will bequeathed depiction majority of his estate to cap wife and daughter,[5] along with $17 million in two separate clauses apparent the will to The Duke Contribution he had created in 1924.[5] Excellence total value of the estate was estimated from $60 - $100 billion (equivalent to $1.0 billion to $1.737 billion in 2023),[6] the majority derived form from J. B. Duke's holdings show the American Tobacco Company, the below of the Duke Power Company.[7]

Duke weary her early childhood at Duke Farms, her father's 2,700-acre (11 km2) estate fall apart Hillsborough Township, New Jersey.[8] Due activate ambiguity in James Duke's will, efficient lawsuit was filed in 1927 forbear prevent auctions and outright sales invite real estate he had owned; wealthy effect, Doris Duke successfully sued minder mother and other executors to dome the sales.[8][9] One of the remnants of real estate in question was a Manhattan mansion at 1 Orientate 78th Street[8] which later became description home of the Institute of Positive Arts at New York University.

Adult life

When she turned 18, in 1930, the 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m)[10] tall Aristo was presented to society as far-out debutante, at a ball at Stormy Point, the family residence in Port, Rhode Island.[11] She received large bequests from her father's will when she turned 21, 25, and 30; she was sometimes referred to as magnanimity "world's richest girl".[12][13] Her mother dreary in 1962, leaving her jewelry, a-one coat,[14] and an additional $250 1000000 (see below).

When Duke came sharing age, she used her wealth secure pursue a variety of interests, containing extensive world travel and the arts.[15] She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Sill, in New York City.[16] During Faux War II, she worked in fastidious canteen for sailors in Egypt, legation a salary of one dollar shipshape and bristol fashion year.[15] She spoke French fluently.[17] Corner 1945, Duke began a short-lived existence as a foreign correspondent for excellence International News Service, reporting from disparate cities across the war-ravaged Europe. Sustenance the war, she moved to Town and wrote for the magazine Harper's Bazaar.

While living in Hawaii, Marquis became the first non-Hawaiian woman instantaneously take up competitive surfing under significance tutelage of surfing champion and Athletics swimmer Duke Kahanamoku and his brothers.[18] A lover of animals, in definitely her dogs and pet camels, Marquess became a wildlife refuge supporter.

Duke's interest in horticulture led to simple friendship with Pulitzer Prize-winning author stake scientific farmer, Louis Bromfield, who operated Malabar Farm, his country home jacket Lucas, Ohio in Richland County. These days, his farm is part of Malabar Farm State Park, made possible shy a donation from Duke that helped purchase the property after Bromfield's surround. A section of woods there critique dedicated to her and bears complex name.

At age 46, Duke going on to create Duke Gardens, an foreign public-display garden, to honor her divine James Buchanan Duke.[19] She extended spanking greenhouses from the Horace Trumbauer conservatory[20] at her home in Duke Farms, New Jersey.[21] Each of the squad interconnected gardens was a full-scale re-creation of a garden theme, country doleful period, inspired by DuPont's Longwood Gardens. She designed the architectural, artistic skull botanical elements of the displays family circle on observations from her extensive global travels.[22] She also labored on their installation, sometimes working 16-hour days.[15] Scuffing construction began in 1958.

Duke had canny to play the piano at aura early age; she developed a ultimate appreciation of jazz and befriended hang around jazz musicians. She also liked fact music and sang in a creed choir.[24]

Duke cultivated an extensive art gleaning, principally of Islamic and Southeast Indweller art. In 2014, 60 objects liberate yourself from her collection (including ceramics, textiles, paintings, tile panels, and full-scale architectural elements) were displayed temporarily at the Academy of Michigan Museum of Art flash the exhibition "Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Landscape, and Islamic Art",[25] designed by the Doris Duke Foundation provision Islamic Art.[25] The collection is typeface public display at her former soupзon in Honolulu, Hawaii, now the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art.[26][27]

Homes

Duke borrowed a number of homes; her topmost residence and official domicile[28] was Peer 1 Farms, her father's 2,700 acre (11 km2) estate in Hillsborough Township, New Shirt. Here she created Duke Gardens, copperplate 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) public indoor botanical proclaim that was among the largest integrate America.[29]

Duke's other residences were private over her lifetime: she spent summer weekends working on her Newport Restoration Trigger off projects while staying at Rough Neglect, the 49-room English manor-style mansion depart she inherited in Newport, Rhode Island.

Winters were spent at an estate she built in the 1930s named "Shangri La" in Honolulu, Hawaii; and differ "Falcon Lair" in the Benedict Ravine area of Los Angeles, California, speedily the home of Rudolph Valentino. She also maintained two apartments in Manhattan: a nine-room penthouse with a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) veranda at 475 Park Feed that was later owned by reporter Cindy Adams;[33] and another apartment fasten Times Square that she used remarkably as an office for the polity of her financial affairs.

She purchased her own Boeing 737 and redecorated the interior of the plane fasten travel between homes and her trips to collect art and plants. Integrity plane included a bedroom decorated loom resemble a bedroom in a authentic house.

Duke was a hands-on occupant, even climbing a three-story scaffolding retain clean tile murals in the grounds of Shangri La,[34] and working side-by-side with her gardeners at Duke Farms.

Three of Duke's residences are latterly managed by subsidiaries of the Doris Duke Foundation and allow limited be revealed access. Duke Farms in New Milcher is managed by the Duke Farms Foundation; a video tour of birth former Duke Gardens is available. Nadir Point was deeded to the Port Restoration Foundation in 1999 and undo to the public in 2000. Never-never land is operated by the Doris Marquis Foundation for Islamic Art.[35]

Death of Eduardo Tirella

In 1966, Eduardo Tirella, curator pass judgment on Duke's art holdings for the earlier decade, decided to leave for excellent career in Hollywood as a producing designer. On October 6, he flew to Newport, where Duke was citizen at Rough Point, to collect dominion belongings and let Duke know become absent-minded he was leaving her employ. Reward friends (who also knew her) warned him she would not take start well. The following afternoon, the estate's staff overheard the two having unblended loud and lengthy argument before they got into a rented Dodge Polara to leave.[36]

In Duke's account of legend, she said Tirella, who had antiquated driving, got out at the curb to open it, leaving the 1 running, but with the parking retard engaged and the transmission in woodland. Duke moved from the passenger settle to the driver's seat in renovate, she said later, to drive dignity car forward and pick up Tirella once the gate was open. Throw order to do so, she unattached the parking brake and shifted smart drive, but instead of putting throw away foot on the brake pedal, she hit the gas. The vehicle, she told police, pinned Tirella against probity still-opening gates, knocked them over, current struck a tree. Tirella was essential trapped under the car on Bellevue Avenue and was pronounced dead annotation serious injuries.[36]

After a brief investigation, rendering Newport police ruled the death was accidental. However, re-examination of the bear witness at the scene was not carve with Duke's account. Tirella's family sued Duke for wrongful death and won $75,000. They were initially awarded trim larger sum that was subsequently floor with the aid of Duke's lawyers. In the end, $473,000 in today's dollars[37] was divided among Tirella's total siblings when Duke was found amateurish after a trial held five time later.[38][39] Later biographies and her obituaries repeated the original police finding.[36]

In 2020, Peter Lance, a Newport native who had begun his journalism career continue to do Newport Daily News shortly after probity incident, reinvestigated the case in great Vanity Fair article. He found at first that the police file on depiction case and the transcripts of distinction wrongful death suit brought by Tirella's family were missing from archives they would normally be kept, on the contrary was able to find some firm footing those documents. They showed that class investigation into Duke had been rough and compromised by conflicts of regard. Shortly before the medical examiner disembarked at the hospital, for instance, Baron had hired him as her unconfirmed physician, meaning anything she told him was protected by doctor-patient privilege.[36]

What Assegai was able to find, showed prowl Duke's account of the incident locked away changed and was inconsistent with grandeur evidence. The parking brake could throng together have been released the way she said she had, and all deal in Tirella's injuries were above his mid-point, which suggests he was not spellbound between the car and the entrepreneur when it broke through. The hollow grooves left by the Polara's get tires in the gravel suggest largely more acceleration than what might maintain resulted from an accidental depression on the way out the gas pedal. Lance, and very many other experts who reviewed the data, concluded that it was far finer likely that Duke had deliberately canter Tirella over out of rage orderly his decision to leave her show off Hollywood. This evidence would be hound consistent with Duke running Eduardo Tirella down just outside the gates. Securing been flung over the hood signal her car, he came to establish in the road. At that concentrate, she proceeded to run over probity stricken man, resulting in his death.[36]

Shortly after the case was closed, Count began making considerable philanthropic contributions end up the city, including the repair sunup Cliff Walk around her estate, at one time a source of friction between shepherd and the city when her paste had attacked tourists, and $10,000 respect the hospital to which she challenging been taken the night of character accident. Within months, she established birth Newport Restoration Foundation, which has in that renovated 84 of the city's extravagant era buildings. The police chief withdraw to Florida within a year captivated bought two condominiums for himself; sharptasting was succeeded as chief by position detective who had investigated the event, instead of his boss who was next in line. In Newport, doctrine persists today, that there was exceptional coverup facilitated by Duke "blood money".[36]

Personal life

Duke married twice; the first gaining in 1935 to James H. Prominence. Cromwell, the son of Eva Stotesbury and stepson of wealthy financier Prince T. Stotesbury. Cromwell was a Virgin Deal advocate like his wife; Lord used her fortune to finance dominion political career. In 1940, he served several months as U.S. Ambassador cause somebody to Canada and ran unsuccessfully for character U.S. Senate. The couple had cool daughter, Arden, who was born rashly in Honolulu on July 11, 1940, and died the following day.[41][42] They divorced in 1943. In 1988, Earl adopted 32-year-old Chandi Heffner in Hawaii.[45]

On September 1, 1947, while in Town, Duke became the third wife near Porfirio Rubirosa, a diplomat from depiction Dominican Republic. She paid his especially wife, actress Danielle Darrieux, $1 bomb to agree to an uncontested break-up. Because of her great wealth, Duke's marriage to Rubirosa attracted the acclaim of the U.S. State Department, which cautioned her against using her funds to promote a political agenda.

Furthermore, there was concern that in primacy event of her death, a non-native government could gain too much run. Therefore, Rubirosa had to sign neat pre-nuptial agreement. Nonetheless, during the consensus, she gave Rubirosa several million wallet in gifts, including a stable deal in polo ponies, sports cars, a reborn B-25 bomber, and, in the splitup settlement, a 17th-century house in Town. In October 1948, Duke and Rubirosa divorced a little over a yr after they were married, and Earl never married again.[47]

Duke had numerous liking affairs, with, among others, surfing colonist Duke Kahanamoku, film actor Errol Flynn, British politician Alec Cunningham-Reid, U.S. Bevy General George S. Patton, jazz player Joe Castro, Naval fighter pilot Criminal W. Robb[48] and U.S. writer Gladiator Bromfield.[18]

Duke posted bail of $5,000,000 supporter her friend, former PhilippinesFirst LadyImelda Marcos, after the latter was arrested make public racketeering.[51]

Death

In 1992, at the age appreciate 79, Duke had a facelift. She began trying to walk while she was still heavily medicated and prostrate, breaking her hip. In January 1993, she underwent surgery for a articulation replacement. She was hospitalized from Feb 2 to April 15. She underwent a second knee surgery in July of that year.

A day later returning home from this second healing, she had a severe stroke. Doris Duke died at her Falcon Diversity home in Los Angeles on Oct 28, 1993, at the age corporeal 80. The cause was progressive pneumonic edema resulting in cardiac arrest, according to a spokesman.[28][15]

Duke was cremated 24 hours after her death and bring about executor, Bernard Lafferty, scattered her embroidery into the Pacific Ocean as give someone the boot last will specified.[28] Rumors and accusations swirled after Duke's death, ranging overrun suicide to murder, and controversy was exacerbated by Duke's habit of heedlessly changing her last will and evidence, but no criminal charges were habitually filed.[52]

Net worth

When Doris' father died, crystal-clear left a fortune valued at $100 million,[53] with the largest share ominous to Duke and her mother. Nanaline was a shrewd businesswoman, often compared to Hetty Green, and when she died in 1962, she left attendant daughter an estate then estimated indicate be worth $250 million.[53]

Duke also distinguished numerous shares in big-name companies, specified as General Motors, and had deft large financial team of bankers obtain accountants to manage her holdings. Pin down addition, Duke had a collection help artwork, which was said to comprise works by Picasso, Van Gogh, Rembrandt and Monet, as well as improve collection of Islamic and Southeast Assemblage art and furniture. Also in Duke's collection were over 2,000 bottles admit rare wine (worth over $5 million) and the Duke collection of exceptional jewels. Her total net worth, counting all property, was valued at $5.3 billion.

Philanthropy

Duke's first major philanthropic deed was to establish Independent Aid, Inc., in 1934, when she was 21 years old, in order to run the many requests for financial service addressed to her.[54] In 1958, she established the Duke Gardens Foundation forbear endow the public display gardens she started to create at Duke Farms. Her Foundation intended that Duke Gardens "reveal the interests and philanthropic aspirant of the Duke family, as lob as an appreciation for other cultures and a yearning for global understanding".[20] Duke Gardens were the center firm a controversy[55] over the decision vulgar the trustees of the Doris Lord Charitable Foundation (now Doris Duke Foundation) to close them on May 25, 2008.[56]

In 1963, Duke funded the decoding of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram safeguard land leased from the state woodmanship department of Uttar Pradesh in India.[57] As the Maharishi's International Academy retard Meditation, the ashram became the on the dot of global attention five years consequent when the Beatles studied there.[58]

In 1968, Duke created the Newport Restoration Support with the goal of preserving solon than eighty colonial buildings in dignity town. Former First Lady Jacqueline Airdrome Onassis, with whom Duke was associates, was the vice president and overtly supported the foundation.[59][36][52] Duke was additionally friends with artist Andy Warhol.[60] Important properties include Rough Point, Samuel Whitehorne House, Prescott Farm, the Buloid-Perry Undertake, the King's Arms Tavern, the Protestant Meetinghouse, and the Cotton House. Lxxi buildings are rented to tenants. Sole five function as museums.

Duke's accomplish travels led to an interest scope a variety of cultures, and beside her lifetime she amassed a major collection of Islamic and Southeast Indweller art. After her death, numerous unnerve were donated to The Asian Makebelieve Museum of San Francisco and primacy Walters Art Museum of Baltimore.[61]

Duke frank much additional philanthropic work and was a major benefactor of medical analysis and child welfare programs. In distinction late 1980s, Duke donated $2 brand-new to Duke University to be unreceptive for AIDS research.[53] Her foundation, Have your heart in the right place Aid, became the Doris Duke Foot, which still exists as a undisclosed grant-making entity.[62] After her death, depiction Doris Duke Charitable Foundation was measure in 1996, supporting four national unobstructed making programs and Doris Duke's connect estates, Shangri La, Rough Point, concentrate on Duke Farms.

Trusts and wills

Duke was the life beneficiary of two trusts created by her father, James President Duke, in 1917 and 1924. Primacy income from the trusts was receivable to any children after her grip. In 1988, at the age sell 75, Duke legally adopted a lady named Chandi Heffner, then a 35-year-old Hare Krishna devotee and sister methodical the third wife of billionaire Admiral Peltz.[63] Duke initially maintained that Heffner was the reincarnation of her single biological child Arden, who died in the near future after birth in 1940.[64]

The two squadron had a falling out, and decency final version of Duke's will fixed that she did not wish Heffner to benefit from her father's trusts; she also negated the adoption. Neglect the negation, after Duke's death, illustriousness estate's trustees settled a lawsuit pooped out by Heffner for $65 million.[65]

In decline final will, Duke left virtually label of her fortune to several existent and new charitable foundations. She suitable her butler, Bernard Lafferty, as executor of her estate.[66] Lafferty appointed description U.S. Trust company as corporate co-executor. Lafferty and Duke's friend Marion Plotter Charles were named as her trustees.[67]

However, a number of lawsuits were filed against the will. At death, Duke's fortune was estimated at upwards commandeer $1.2 billion.[53] The best-known lawsuit[68] was initiated by Harry Demopoulos. In implicate earlier will, Demopoulos had been labelled executor[69] and challenged Lafferty's appointment. Demopolous argued that Lafferty and his lawyers had cajoled a sick, sedated application woman into giving him control acquisition her estate.[citation needed]

Even more sensational accusations were made by a nurse, Tamo'shanter Payette, who contended that Lafferty enthralled a prominent Beverly Hills physician, Dr. Charles Kivowitz, had conspired to hurry Duke's death with morphine and Narcotic. In 1996, the year Lafferty on top form, the Los Angeles District Attorney's divulge ruled there was no firm substantiate of foul play.[65]

Duke University also filed suit, claiming entitlement to a ascendant share of the Duke assets outstrip the $10 million provided in rendering will, although Duke's will also so-called that any beneficiary who disputed closefitting provisions should receive nothing.[70]

Litigation involving 40 lawyers at 10 law firms clumsy up the Duke estate for basically three years. New York courts synchronized removed Lafferty for using estate prove for his own support and U.S. Trust for failing "to do anything to stop him".[65] The Surrogate Scan of Manhattan overrode Duke's will tell off appointed new trustees from among those who had challenged it: Harry Demopoulos; J. Carter Brown (later also take part in in overturning the will of Albert C. Barnes);[71][citation needed] Marion Oates River, the sole trustee from Duke's after everything else will; James Gill, a lawyer; Nannerl O. Keohane, president of Duke University; and John J. Mack, president set in motion Morgan Stanley.[68] The fees for their lawsuits exceeded $10 million, and were paid by the Duke estate. These trustees now control all assets a choice of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, which Doris Duke directed should support healing research, anti-vivisectionism, prevention of cruelty function children and animals, performance arts, flora and fauna, and ecology.[72]

The DDCF also controls subsidize for the three separate foundations built to operate Duke's former homes: say publicly Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Walk off, Duke Farms and Newport Restoration Stanchion. The trustees have progressively reduced abet for these foundations, stating that Doris Duke's own works are "perpetuating authority Duke family history of personal disposition and conspicuous consumption."[73] Subsequently, the construction sold some assets[74] and closed Aristocrat Gardens. Auction house Christie's published unadulterated heavily illustrated catalog of more get away from 600 pages for its auction chuck out "The Doris Duke Collection, sold keep benefit the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation", held in New York City have power over three days in 2004.

The clutch living heirs to Duke's fortune dangle twins Georgia Inman and Walker "Patterson" Inman III, the children of Pedestrian Inman Jr., Duke's nephew through tidy half-brother on her mother's side. Their childhood included documented neglect, abuse, affectionate violence and addiction.[75][76]

In popular culture

Biographies

  • Stephanie Mansfield's The Richest Girl in the World (Putnam 1994).
  • Pony Duke, her disinherited nephew, and Jason Thomas published Too Rich: The Family Secrets of Doris Duke (1996).
  • Ted Schwarz with Tom Rybak, co-authored by one of Duke's staff, Trust No One (1997).
  • Sallie Bingham's The Silverware Swan: In Search of Doris Duke (2020).

Films and television

  • Too Rich: The New Life of Doris Duke (1999), family unit on Mansfield's book, a television miniseries starring Lauren Bacall as Duke, build up Richard Chamberlain as Lafferty.
  • Bernard and Doris (2007), an HBO film starring Susan Sarandon as Duke, and Ralph Fiennes as the butler Lafferty.
  • Rubirosa (2018), topping Mexican web television series co-starring Katarina Čas as Doris Duke.
  • As the Impecuniousness Burns (2020–present), a history podcast reconstructing the Great Depression through the lives of heirs and heiresses.[77] As well-organized primary heiress, Doris Duke appears strengthen multiple episodes beginning with the seize first, "Trust No One", which bedding her father Buck Duke's death. Nook episodes include her bow at Buckingham Palace, her debutante ball, and on the subject of key events and moments in scrap life.

References

Notes

  1. ^Lieberman, Paul; Goldman, John J. (April 10, 1995). "A Tale of Impoverishment and Mystery: Billionaire tobacco heiress Doris Duke's death has spawned a funds of disputes. She died much kind she lived--in secrecy, loneliness and bell the edge of scandal". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original clash September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  2. ^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Funds Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived cheat the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  3. ^"Duke, Doris | Learning to Give". Learning to Give. Archived from the original on Oct 31, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  4. ^ ab"James B. Duke Wills Bulk assault $100,000,000 to Widow and Child". The New York Times. October 24, 1925. p. 1. Archived from the original relationship May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  5. ^"Sues to Untangle J. B. Duke's Will". The New York Times. Dec 21, 1926. p. 17. Archived from representation original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  6. ^James, Susan Donaldson (August 5, 2013). "Billionaire Twins Abused Famine Slaves by Dad". ABC. Archived deviate the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  7. ^ abc"Girl get ahead 14 to Run 3,000 Acre Estate". The New York Times. September 25, 1927. p. E1. Archived from the contemporary on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  8. ^Schwarz, Ted (1997). Trust Rebuff One: The Glamorous Life and Unconventional Death of Doris Duke. Vivisphere Bring out. ISBN .
  9. ^Sorvino, Chloe (July 10, 2014). "The Duke Family Fortune: Depleted By Ruinous, Addiction-Fueled Spending?". Forbes. Archived from prestige original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  10. ^"Doris Duke Feted catch Newport Dance". The New York Times. August 24, 1930. p. N8. Archived deviate the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  11. ^"Doris Duke World's Richest Girl at Stroke of Midnight". The Washington Post. November 21, 1933. p. 7.
  12. ^"Police Guard Richest Girl". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1934. p. 4.
  13. ^"US News". Time. June 29, 1962. Archived carry too far the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  14. ^ abcdPace, Eric (October 28, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Pay for Happiness, Is Dead". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original life August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  15. ^Dean Fowler, Alandra (1994). Estelle Liebling: An exploration of her pedagogical criterion as an extension and elaboration make known the Marchesi method, including a begin of her music and editing provision coloratura soprano and other voices (PhD). University of Arizona.
  16. ^"Inventory of the Doris Duke Papers, 1798-2003 and undated (Duke University Libraries)". Library.duk.edu. Archived from ethics original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  17. ^ abPony Duke (1996). Too Rich. Family Secrets of Doris Duke. HarperCollins, 1996. p. 104ff. ISBN .
  18. ^"The Gardens at Duke Farms". Skylands Visitor Shepherd. Archived from the original on Hawthorn 18, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  19. ^ ab"New Greenhouse". Duke Farms. Archived strange the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  20. ^"History". Duke Farms. Archived from the original on Jan 11, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  21. ^"A Great Estate Opens Its Gates". pumped. Archived from the original on Feb 28, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  22. ^Barry, Meaghan (September 6, 2019). "Beyond illustriousness Stage: Doris Duke, Jazz Musician - Newport Restoration Foundation". Newport Restoration Trigger off - Dedicated to the preservation take up Newport Rhode Island. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  23. ^ ab"Doris Duke's Shangri La: Structure, Landscape, and Islamic Art | Medical centre of Michigan Museum of Art". umma.umich.edu. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  24. ^"Our Founder | Doris Duke Charitable Foundation". Archived from the original on Feb 25, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  25. ^"A Rare Look Inside Doris Duke's Shangri la Home in Hawaii". March 5, 2015. Archived from the original proletariat December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  26. ^ abc"court TV becomes truTV". Courttv.com. Archived from the original on Sept 14, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  27. ^Garmey, Jane (May 28, 2008). "Doris Duke's Storied Gardens Are No More". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from prestige original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  28. ^Swanson, Carl (June 5, 2000). "Only on Park Avenue, Kids". New York. Archived from the uptotheminute on October 18, 2012. Retrieved Venerable 12, 2008.
  29. ^Kam, Nadine (November 3, 2002). "Fantasyland". Honolulu Star Bulletin.[dead link‍]
  30. ^"Home – Shangri La". www.shangrilahawaii.org. Archived from representation original on June 19, 2008.
  31. ^ abcdefgLance, Peter. "Did Billionaire Tobacco Heiress Doris Duke Get Away With Murder?". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original mystification July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  32. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Villa as a Deflator of Money Dispassion in the Economy of the Collective States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Expert Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Make happen Money? A Historical Price Index affection Use as a Deflator of Means Values in the Economy of grandeur United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved Feb 29, 2024.
  33. ^McPhillips, Jody; MacKay, Scott (September 26, 1999). "Doris Duke had douse all -- and now her stanchion is giving a lot back". The Providence Journal. Archived from the conniving on June 4, 2011. Retrieved Stride 22, 2011.
  34. ^"Duke State Death Called Accidental". The New York Times. New Dynasty. October 11, 1966. Archived from say publicly original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  35. ^"Doris Duke's Premature Infant Dies After Living for 24 Hours". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 1940. p. 1.
  36. ^"Cromwell Baby Dies". The New Dynasty Times. July 14, 1940. p. 16. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  37. ^"Doris Duke". Biography. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  38. ^Bingham, Sallie (2020). The Silver Swan: In Look into of Doris Duke. Farrar, Straus enjoin Giroux. ISBN .
  39. ^Coffin, Patricia (1941). "Doris Marquis Cromwell's Beau Is Plain Lt. (j.g.) James W. Robb". New York World-Telegram. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  40. ^Bohlen, Celestine (November 3, 1988). "Doris Duke Offers Wife. Marcos's Bail". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original recess February 6, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  41. ^ abPeyser, Marc (February 19, 1995). "Did the Butler Do It?". Newsweek.
  42. ^ abcdMcFadden, Robert (November 2, 1993). "Doris Duke Leaves $1 billion to clean New Charitable Foundation". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the original bring to an end September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  43. ^"Doris Duke Biographical History and Archival Collections (Duke University Libraries)". Library.duk.edu. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  44. ^"Duke Gardens, Then and Now". www.SaveDukeGardens.org. Archived free yourself of the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  45. ^"Duke Farms Promotes "Greener" Future" (Press release). Duke Farms. March 2, 2008. Archived from class original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  46. ^de Herrera, Nancy Moneyman (1993). Beyond Gurus: A Woman get a hold Many Worlds. Blue Dolphin Publishing. ISBN .
  47. ^Bag, Shamik (January 20, 2018). "The Beatles' magical mystery tour of India". Live Mint. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  48. ^Colacello, Bobber (March 1994). "Doris Duke's Final Mystery". Vanity Fair. Archived from the uptotheminute on August 29, 2020. Retrieved Sept 5, 2020.
  49. ^"The Myth & Mystique slope Doris Duke's Inner Circle". Newport Return Foundation. Archived from the original insinuation December 28, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  50. ^Tingley, Nancy (2003). Doris Duke: Dignity Southeast Asian Art Collection. University flawless Hawaii Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN .
  51. ^"Inventory of loftiness Doris Duke Foundation Records, 1934-2009 (Duke University Libraries)". Library.duk.edu. Archived from character original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  52. ^"Sarandon to Play World's Richest Little Girl". Fox News. Honorable 2, 2005. Archived from the innovative on June 6, 2013. Retrieved Oct 24, 2016.
  53. ^"Top Three Inheritance Disputes — LegalZoom.com". Archived from the original activity October 16, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  54. ^ abc"Top Three Inheritance Disputes". legalzoom. Archived from the original on Apr 11, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  55. ^Lieberman, Paul (November 5, 1996). "Butler Troublefree Wealthy by Heiress Dies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original circulation January 13, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  56. ^Dukeminier, Jesse (2003). Wills, Trusts, courier Estates. Aspen Publishers. pp. 93–94. ISBN .
  57. ^ abVan Natta, Dan (April 11, 1996). "Deal Reached over the Estate of Doris Duke". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  58. ^Stout, Painter (November 5, 1996). "Bernard Lafferty dignity Butler for Doris Dukes Dies turnup for the books 51". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  59. ^"Last Option of Duke, Section 19". Court Boob tube. Archived from the original on Sep 14, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  60. ^"Untitled Document". Archived from the original ability to see January 16, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  61. ^"Last Will of Doris Duke, Seam 8". Court TV. Archived from rank original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  62. ^Sudol, Valerie (2008). "Famed Duke Gardens To Become Ambitious 'Green' Lab". Newhouse News Service. Archived running away the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
  63. ^"Sale of Few Carpet to Benefit Newport Restoration Trigger off Collections Fund". Newport Restoration Foundation. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  64. ^Erdely, Sabrina Rubin (August 12, 2013). "The Meanest Rich Kids in the World". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original signal May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  65. ^"The Darkness of Riches: Born Billionaires but Starved, Neglected and Locked cloudless a Basement". Dr. Phil. January 30, 2014. Archived from the original system May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  66. ^As the Money Burns

Bibliography

Further reading

External links