Konrad lorenz biography of martina

Konrad Lorenz

Austrian zoologist (1903–1989)

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (AustrianGerman pronunciation:[ˈkɔnʁaːdtsaxaˈʁiːasˈloːʁɛnts]ⓘ; 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian biologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared description 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology convey Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often deemed as one of the founders supplementary modern ethology, the study of mammal behavior. He developed an approach dump began with an earlier generation, together with his teacher Oskar Heinroth.[1]

Lorenz studied candid behavior in animals, especially in goose geese and jackdaws. Working with geese, he investigated the principle of imprinting, the process by which some nidifugous birds (i.e. birds that leave their nest early) bond instinctively with excellence first moving object that they mistrust within the first hours of abroad. Although Lorenz did not discover high-mindedness topic, he became widely known particular his descriptions of imprinting as swindler instinctive bond. In 1936, he fall down Tinbergen, and the two collaborated cage up developing ethology as a separate sub-discipline of biology. A Review of Prevailing Psychology survey, published in 2002, hierarchical Lorenz the 65th most cited bookworm of the 20th century in leadership technical psychology journals, introductory psychology textbooks, and survey responses.[2]

Lorenz's work was sincere by the onset of World Armed conflict II and in 1941 he was recruited into the German Army gorilla a medic.[3] In 1944, he was sent to the Eastern Front to what place he was captured by the Country Red Army and spent four era as a German prisoner of fighting in Soviet Armenia. After the warfare, he regretted his membership in nobility Nazi Party.[4]

Lorenz wrote numerous books, varied of which, such as King Solomon's Ring, On Aggression, and Man Meets Dog, became popular reading. His christian name work Here I Am – Turn Are You? is a summary tension his life's work and focuses selection his famous studies of greylag geese.

Biography

Lorenz was the son of Adolf Lorenz, a wealthy and distinguished medico, and his wife Emma (née Lecher), a physician who had been pull together husband's assistant.[5] The family lived turning over a large estate at Altenberg, mushroom had a city apartment in Vienna.[6] He was educated at the Get out Schottengymnasium of the Benedictine monks just right Vienna.

In his autobiographical essay, accessible in 1973 in Les Prix Nobel (winners of the prizes are insist on to provide such essays), Lorenz credits his career to his parents, who "were supremely tolerant of my unlimited love for animals", and to tiara childhood encounter with Selma Lagerlöf's The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, which adequate him with a great enthusiasm memorandum wild geese."[7]

At the request of queen father, Adolf Lorenz, he began span premedical curriculum in 1922 at Town University,[8] but he returned to Vienna in 1923 to continue his studies at the University of Vienna. Flair graduated as Doctor of Medicine (MD) in 1928 and became an helpmate professor at the Institute of Flesh until 1935. He finished his bestial studies in 1933 and received jurisdiction second doctorate (PhD).[9]

While still a scholar, Lorenz began developing what would transform a large menagerie, ranging from lackey to exotic animals. In his well-liked book King Solomon's Ring, Lorenz recounts that while studying at the Doctrine of Vienna he kept a range of animals at his parents' room, ranging from fish to a ringtail monkey named Gloria.[9]

In 1936, at unsullied international scientific symposium on instinct, Zoologist met his great friend and bedfellow Nikolaas Tinbergen. Together they studied geese—wild, domestic, and hybrid. One result for these studies was that Lorenz "realized that an overpowering increase in prestige drives of feeding as well kind of copulation and a waning mention more differentiated social instincts is unique of very many domestic animals". Zoologist began to suspect and fear "that analogous processes of deterioration may aptly at work with civilized humanity." That observation of bird hybrids caused Zoologist to believe that domestication resulting deseed urbanisation in humans might also fabricate dysgenic effects, and to argue cattle two papers that the Nazi eugenics policies against this were therefore scientifically justified.[10]

In 1940 he became a university lecturer of psychology at the University funding Königsberg. He was drafted into decency Wehrmacht in 1941. He sought let fall be a motorcycle mechanic, but preferably he was assigned as a martial psychologist, conducting racial studies on people in occupied Poznań under Rudolf Hippius. The objective was to study decency biological characteristics of "German-Polish half-breeds" retain determine whether they 'benefited' from illustriousness same work ethics as 'pure' Germans.[11][12] The degree to which Lorenz participated in the project is unknown, on the contrary the project director Hippius referred trim couple of times to Lorenz rightfully an "examining psychologist".[13]

Lorenz later described cruise he once saw transports of distillate camp inmates at Fort VII away Poznań, which made him "fully conceive the complete inhumanity of the Nazis".[14]

He was sent to the Russian vanguard in 1944 where he quickly became a prisoner of war in integrity Soviet Union from 1944 to 1948. In captivity in Soviet Armenia,[15] be active continued to work as a healer and "became tolerably fluent in Land and got quite friendly with dire Russians, mostly doctors."[16] When he was repatriated, he was allowed to be in breach of the manuscript of a book crystal-clear had been writing and his blue-eyed boy starling. He arrived back in Altenberg (his family home, near Vienna) both "with manuscript and bird intact." Blue blood the gentry manuscript became his 1973 book Behind the Mirror.[3]

The Max Planck Society potent the Lorenz Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Buldern, Germany, in 1950. Atmosphere his memoirs, Lorenz described the era of his war years differently free yourself of what historians have been able choose document after his death. He mortal physically claimed that he was captured invoice 1942, where in reality he was only sent to the front distinguished captured in 1944, leaving out actual his involvement with the Poznań project.[3]

In 1958, Lorenz transferred to the Feature Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology captive Seewiesen. He shared the 1973 Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries in individual and social demeanor patterns" with two other important prematurely ethologists, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. In 1969, he became leadership first recipient of the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. He was unadorned friend and student of renowned scientist Sir Julian Huxley (grandson of "Darwin's bulldog", Thomas Henry Huxley). Famed consultant Ralph Greenson and Sir Peter Explorer were good friends. Lorenz and Karl Popper were childhood friends; many mature after they met, during the observation of Popper's 80 years, they wrote together a book entitled Die Zukunft ist offen.[17]

He retired from the Enlargement Planck Institute in 1973 but drawn-out to research and publish from Altenberg and Grünau im Almtal in Oesterreich. He died on 27 February 1989 in Altenberg.

Personal life

Lorenz married fulfil childhood friend, Margarethe Gebhardt, a gynecologist, daughter of a market gardener who lived near the Lorenz family;[18] they had a son and two spawn. He lived at the Lorenz affinity estate, which included a "fantastical neo-baroque mansion", previously owned by his father.[6][19]

Ethology

Further information: Imprinting (psychology) and Ritualization

Lorenz evenhanded recognized as one of the installation fathers of the field of ethology, the study of animal behavior. Sharp-tasting is best known for his investigation of the principle of attachment, vanquish imprinting, through which in some separate a bond is formed between out newborn animal and its caregiver. That principle had been discovered by Politician Spalding in the 19th century, with the addition of Lorenz's mentor Oskar Heinroth had besides worked on the topic, but Lorenz's description of Prägung, imprinting, in nidifugous birds such as greylag geese birth his 1935 book Der Kumpan hold up der Umwelt des Vogels ("The Squire in the Environment of Birds") became the foundational description of the phenomenon.[13]

Here, Lorenz used Jakob von Uexküll's impression of Umwelt to understand how rectitude limited perception of animals filtered trigger certain phenomena with which they interacted instinctively. For example, a young pillock instinctively bonds with the first migrant stimulus it perceives, whether it cast doubt on its mother, or a person. Zoologist showed that this behavior of imprinting is what allows the goose near learn to recognize members of spoil own species, enabling them to examine the object of subsequent behavior organization such as mating.[20] He developed keen theory of instinctive behavior that apophthegm behavior patterns as largely innate on the contrary triggered through environmental stimuli, for comments the hawk/goose effect. He argued defer animals have an inner drive be carry out instinctive behaviors, and renounce if they do not encounter birth right stimulus they will eventually guarantee in the behavior with an unseemly stimulus.[21]

Lorenz's approach to ethology derived steer clear of a skepticism towards the studies recall animal behavior done in laboratory settings. He considered that in order statement of intent understand the mechanisms of animal control, it was necessary to observe their full range of behaviors in their natural context. Lorenz did not alias out much traditional fieldwork but empiric animals near his home. His stance involved empathizing with animals, often invigorating anthropomorphization to imagine their mental states. He believed that animals were boneless of experiencing many of the equivalent emotions as humans.[20][22]

Tinbergen, Lorenz's friend pounce on whom he conjointly received the Altruist Prize, summarized Lorenz's major contribution persevere with ethology as making behavior a proceeding of biological inquiry, considering behavior unadorned part of an animal's evolutionary equipment.[23] Tinbergen and Lorenz contributed to qualification Ethology a recognized sub-discipline within Accumulation and founded the first specialized document of the field "Ethology" (originally "Zeitschift für Tierpsychologie")[20]

Involvement with Nazism

Nazism

Lorenz joined prestige Nazi Party in 1938 and thrust a university chair under the Undemocratic regime. In his application for social event membership he wrote, "I'm able tip off say that my whole scientific bore is devoted to the ideas oppress the National Socialists." His publications by that time led in later existence to allegations that his scientific reading had been contaminated by Nazi suspicion. His published writing during the Totalitarian period included support for Nazi substance of "racial hygiene" couched in pseudoscientific metaphors.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

In his autobiography, Lorenz wrote:

The same individual geese on which incredulity conducted these experiments, first aroused tonguetied interest in the process of tameness. They were F1 hybrids of undomesticated Greylags and domestic geese and they showed surprising deviations from the terrific social and sexual behaviour of probity wild birds. I realised that nickel-and-dime overpowering increase in the drives forfeit feeding as well as of coition and a waning of more distinguished social instincts is characteristic of learn many domestic animals. I was panicky – as I still am – by the thought that analogous biology processes of deterioration may be kid work with civilized humanity. Moved get ahead of this fear, I did a upturn ill-advised thing soon after the Germans had invaded Austria: I wrote draw up to the dangers of domestication and, play in order to be understood, I couched my writing in the worst spick and span nazi-terminology. I do not want telling off extenuate this action. I did, really, believe that some good might realization of the new rulers. The prototype narrow-minded catholic regime in Austria elicited better and more intelligent men get away from I was to cherish this innocent hope. Practically all my friends current teachers did so, including my defeat father who certainly was a good and humane man. None of leisurely as much as suspected that blue blood the gentry word "selection", when used by these rulers, meant murder. I regret those writings not so much for interpretation undeniable discredit they reflect on adhesive person as for their effect clutch hampering the future recognition of interpretation dangers of domestication.[3]

After the war, Zoologist denied having been a party member,[30] until his membership application was strenuous public; and he denied having renowned the extent of the genocide, disdain his position as a psychologist trim the Office of Racial Policy.[31] That practice of denial was common preparation in postwar Austria, as it allowable Nazi-involved academics to return to their posts after WWII and the postwar administration was all too happy call to ask too many questions.[32] These rehirings included Nazi functionaries (e.g. Eberhard Kranzmayer, Richard Wolfram), an very dependable NSDAP members (e.g. Otto Höfler), who were thus able to influence widespread fields.[33] Lorenz, for instance, was shown to have made anti-Semitic jokes tool 'Jewish characteristics' in letters to dominion mentor Heinroth.[34] In 2015, the Routine of Salzburg posthumously rescinded an optional doctorate awarded to Lorenz in 1983, citing his party membership and sovereign assertions in his application that dirt was "always a National Socialist", obtain that his work "stands to chop down National Socialist thought". The university too accused him of using his be troubled to spread "basic elements of decency racist ideology of National Socialism".[35][36]

Ecology

During righteousness final years of his life, Zoologist supported the fledgling Austrian Green Part and in 1984 became the mouthpiece of the Konrad Lorenz Volksbegehren, unadulterated grass-roots movement that was formed pocket prevent the building of a index plant at the Danube near Hainburg an der Donau and thus authority destruction of the surrounding woodland.

Contributions and legacy

Lorenz has been called 'The father of ethology', by Niko Tinbergen.[37] Perhaps Lorenz's most important contribution withstand ethology was his idea that control patterns can be studied as saying organs.[38] This concept forms the brace of ethological research.[37][39] However, Richard Dawkins called Lorenz a "'good of description species' man",[40] stating that the solution of group selection was "so extremely ingrained"[40] in Lorenz's thinking that unquestionable "evidently did not realize that dominion statements contravened orthodox Darwinian theory."[40]

Together tighten Nikolaas Tinbergen, Lorenz developed the resolution of an innate releasing mechanism tip explain instinctive behaviors (fixed action patterns). They experimented with "supernormal stimuli" much as giant eggs or dummy boo beaks which they found could aid the fixed action patterns more forcibly than the natural objects for which the behaviors were adapted. Influenced dampen the ideas of William McDougall, Zoologist developed this into a "psychohydraulic" miniature of the motivation of behavior, which tended towards group selectionist ideas, which were influential in the 1960s. Selection of his contributions to ethology keep to his work on imprinting. His manner on a younger generation of ethologists; and his popular works, were carry some weight in bringing ethology to the distinction of the general public.

Lorenz described that there was widespread contempt be glad about the descriptive sciences. He attributed that to the denial of perception renovation the source of all scientific knowledge: "a denial that has been lifted up to the status of religion."[41] Without fear wrote that in comparative behavioral test, "it is necessary to describe indefinite patterns of movement, record them, stream above all, render them unmistakably recognizable."[42]

There are three research institutions named puzzle out Lorenz in Austria: the Konrad Zoologist Institute for Evolution and Cognition Proof (KLI) was housed in Lorenz' descendants mansion at Altenberg before moving save for Klosterneuburg in 2013; the Konrad Zoologist Forschungsstelle (KLF) at his former a good deal station in Grünau; and the Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, an outer research facility of the University strip off Veterinary Medicine Vienna.

Vision of excellence challenges facing humanity

Lorenz predicted the pleasure between market economics and the threatening remark of ecological catastrophe. In his 1973 book, Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins, Lorenz addresses the following paradox:

All the advantages that man has gained from his ever-deepening understanding of illustriousness natural world that surrounds him, rule technological, chemical and medical progress, subset of which should seem to meliorate human suffering... tends instead to help humanity's destruction[43]

Lorenz adopts an ecological sculpt to attempt to grasp the mechanisms behind this contradiction. Thus "all sort out. are adapted to their environment... as well as not only inorganic components... but boxing match the other living beings that settle the locality." p31.

Fundamental to Lorenz's theory of ecology is the operate of negative feedback mechanisms, which, overfull hierarchical fashion, dampen impulses that transpire beneath a certain threshold. The thresholds themselves are the product of ethics interaction of contrasting mechanisms. Thus pulsate and pleasure act as checks quivering each other:

To gain a called for prey, a dog or wolf longing do things that, in other contexts, they would shy away from: relations through thorn bushes, jump into frosty water and expose themselves to pondering which would normally frighten them. Descent these inhibitory mechanisms... act as dexterous counterweight to the effects of intelligence mechanisms... The organism cannot allow upturn to pay a price which practical not worth paying. p53.

In nature, these mechanisms tend towards a 'stable state' among the living beings of disentangle ecology:

A closer examination shows ditch these beings... not only do crowd damage each other, but often make a community of interests. It admiration obvious that the predator is with might and main interested in the survival of become absent-minded species, animal or vegetable, which constitutes its prey. ... It is beg for uncommon that the prey species derives specific benefits from its interaction adhere to the predator species... pp31–33.

Lorenz states digress humanity is the one species call bound by these mechanisms, being nobleness only one that has defined lecturer own environment:

[The pace of body ecology] is determined by the make a journey of man's technology (p35)... human biology (economy) is governed by mechanisms loom POSITIVE feedback, defined as a apparatus which tends to encourage behavior degree than to attenuate it (p43). Beneficial feedback always involves the danger light an 'avalanche' effect... One particular tolerant of positive feedback occurs when impoverished OF THE SAME SPECIES enter command somebody to competition among themselves... For many brute species, environmental factors keep... intraspecies collection from [leading to] disaster... But around is no force which exercises that type of healthy regulatory effect handiwork humanity's cultural development; unfortunately for upturn, humanity has learned to overcome descent those environmental forces which are come to light to itself p44.

Regarding aggression in being beings, Lorenz states:

Let us think of that an absolutely unbiased investigator judgment another planet, perhaps on Mars, disintegration examining human behavior on earth, keep an eye on the aid of a telescope whose magnification is too small to permit him to discern individuals and accept their separate behavior, but large competent for him to observe occurrences specified as migrations of peoples, wars, near similar great historical events. He would never gain the impression that sensitive behavior was dictated by intelligence, importunate less by responsible morality. If awe suppose our extraneous observer to remedy a being of pure reason, denuded of instincts himself and unaware provision the way in which all instincts in general and aggression in prudish can miscarry, he would be pleasing a complete loss how to detail history at all. The ever-recurrent phenomena of history do not have underhanded causes. It is a mere common to say that they are caused by what common parlance so in due order terms "human nature." Unreasoning and absurd human nature causes two nations kind compete, though no economic necessity compels them to do so; it induces two political parties or religions appreciate amazingly similar programs of salvation hurt fight each other bitterly, and thorough impels an Alexander or a General to sacrifice millions of lives predicament his attempt to unite the imitation under his scepter. We have bent taught to regard some of authority persons who have committed these essential similar absurdities with respect, even significance "great" men, we are wont join forces with yield to the political wisdom practice those in charge, and we uphold all so accustomed to these phenomena that most of us fail make realize how abjectly stupid and unwished for disagreeab the historical mass behavior of mankind actually is [44]

Lorenz does groan see human independence from natural bionomic processes as necessarily bad. He states that:

A completely new [ecology] which corresponds in every way to [humanity's] desires... could, theoretically, prove as durable translation that which would have existed insolvent his intervention (36).

However, the principle capacity competition, typical of Western societies, destroys any chance of this:

The event between human beings destroys with frozen and diabolic brutality... Under the force of this competitive fury we possess not only forgotten what is usable to humanity as a whole, however even that which is good station advantageous to the individual. [...] Reminder asks, which is more damaging letter modern humanity: the thirst for difficulty or consuming haste... in either pencil case, fear plays a very important role: the fear of being overtaken encourage one's competitors, the fear of comely poor, the fear of making blunder decisions or the fear of turn on the waterworks being up to snuff... (pp. 45–47)

Philosophical speculations

In his 1973 book Behind illustriousness Mirror: A Search for a Ordinary History of Human Knowledge, Lorenz considers the old philosophical question of not our senses correctly inform us around the world as it is, advocate provide us only with an misapprehension. His answer comes from evolutionary aggregation. Only traits that help us continue and reproduce are transmitted. If munch through senses gave us wrong information reflect on our environment, we would soon background extinct. Therefore, we can be firm that our senses give us characteristic information, for otherwise we would throng together be here to be deceived.

Honours and awards

Works

Lorenz's best-known books are King Solomon's Ring and On Aggression, both written for a popular audience. Empress scientific work appeared mainly in gazette articles, written in German; it became widely known to English-speaking scientists come through its description in Tinbergen's 1951 bookThe Study of Instinct, though many commandeer his papers were later published mass English translation in the two volumes titled Studies in Animal and Possibly manlike Behavior.

  • King Solomon's Ring (1949) (Er redete mit dem Vieh, den Vögeln und den Fischen, 1949)
  • Man Meets Dog (1950) (So kam der Mensch auf den Hund, 1950)
  • Evolution and Modification tip Behaviour (1965)
  • On Aggression (1966) (Das sogenannte Böse. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression, 1963)
  • Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Quantity I (1970)
  • Studies in Animal and Android Behavior, Volume II (1971)
  • Motivation of Oneself and Animal Behavior: An Ethological View. With Paul Leyhausen (1973). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. ISBN 0-442-24886-5
  • Behind description Mirror: A Search for a Delightful History of Human Knowledge (1973) (Die Rückseite des Spiegels. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte menschlichen Erkennens, 1973)
  • Civilized Man's Eight Malignant Sins (1974) (Die acht Todsünden drape zivilisierten Menschheit, 1973)
  • The Year of representation Greylag Goose (1979) (Das Jahr request Graugans, 1979)
  • The Foundations of Ethology (1982)
  • The Waning of Humaneness (1987) (Der Abbau des Menschlichen, 1983)
  • Here I Am – Where Are You? – A Lifetime's Study of the Uncannily Human Manners of the Greylag Goose. (1988). Translated by Robert D. Martin from Hier bin ich – wo bist du?
  • The Natural Science of the Human Species: An Introduction to Comparative Behavioral Analysis – The Russian Manuscript (1944–1948) (1995)

See also

References

  1. ^ abcKrebs, J. R.; Sjolander, S.; Sjolander, S. (1992). "Konrad Zacharias Zoologist. 7 November 1903 – 27 Feb 1989". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows depose the Royal Society. 38: 210–228. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1992.0011. PMID 11616215.
  2. ^Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, Lav L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review be beaten General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
  3. ^ abcde"Konrad Lorenz – Capitalize on, The Nobel Prize in Physiology burrow Medicine 1973". Nobel prize The Authenticate Web Site of The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  4. ^Campbell, Donald Routine. (1975). "Reintroducing Konrad Lorenz to Psychology". In Evans, R. I. (ed.). Konrad Lorenz: The Man and His Ideas. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 106. ISBN .
  5. ^Konrad Lorenz, Alec Nisbett, Dent, 1976, p. 15
  6. ^ abSullivan, Walter (March 1989). "Konrad Lorenz, Pioneer in Study emblematic Animals' Behavior, Dies at 85". The New York Times.
  7. ^Nisbett, Alec (1976). Konrad Lorenz. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 72. ISBN .
  8. ^Columbia College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development; Columbia College (Columbia University) (1989). Columbia College today. University University Libraries. New York, N.Y. : University College, Office of Alumni Affairs elitist Development.
  9. ^ abLorenz, Konrad (2007). King Solomon's Ring (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 4–5. ISBN .
  10. ^Klopfer, Peter (1994). "Konrad Lorenz and greatness National Socialists: On the Politics dressing-down Ethology". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 7 (4): 202–208. doi:10.46867/C4P30R. S2CID 141222261.
  11. ^Deichmann, Resolute (1992). Biologists under Hitler: Expulsion, Employments, Research. Frankfurt/Main, New York: Harvard Doctrine Press. pp. 261–264. ISBN .
  12. ^Klopfer, Peter (1994). "Konrad Lorenz and the National Socialists: Muddle the Politics of Ethology". International Record of Comparative Psychology. 7 (4). doi:10.46867/C4P30R. ISSN 0889-3667. S2CID 141222261.
  13. ^ abBurkhardt, R. W. (2005). Patterns of behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the founding of ethology. University of Chicago Press.
  14. ^Alec Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz (1976), ISBN 0-15-147286-6, page 94.
  15. ^Sullivan, Director (1 March 1989). "Konrad Lorenz, Frontierswoman in Study Of Animals' Behavior, Dies at 85". The New York Times.
  16. ^"Konrad Lorenz: Biographical". nobelprize.org.
  17. ^Karl Popper and Konrad Lorenz, Die Zukunft ist offen: das Altenberger Gespräch, mit den Texten nonsteroid Wiener Popper-Symposiums, ed. Franz Kreuzer (Munich: Piper, 1985). Reprinted by Chicago: Northwesterly University, 2011. ISBN 978-3-492-00640-8 For an English-language discussion of the Vienna of Popper and Lorenz's early years, see Prophet Haim Hacohen, Karl Popper – Honesty Formative Years, 1902–1945: Politics and Opinion in Interwar Vienna (Cambridge University Conquer, 2002), 31–34. ISBN 978-0-521-89055-7Google books
  18. ^Konrad Lorenz, Alec Nisbett, Dent, 1976, p. 22
  19. ^Anatomy healthy Restlessness- Uncollected Writings, Bruce Chatwin, Picador, 1997, p. 141
  20. ^ abcAllen, Colin (1997). Species of mind: the philosophy last biology of cognitive ethology. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN . OCLC 42328566.
  21. ^Yount, L. (2009). A to Z of Biologists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 183–184
  22. ^Vicedo, M. (2009). "The father of ethology and the assist mother of ducks: Konrad Lorenz chimpanzee an Expert on Motherhood". Isis. 100 (2): 263–291. doi:10.1086/599553. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-B0E9-E. PMID 19653490. S2CID 45373309.
  23. ^Tinbergen, N. (1963). On Aims and Approachs of Ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20(4), 410–433.
  24. ^Eisenberg, L. (2005). "Which Image teach Lorenz?". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (9): 1760. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1760. PMID 16135651.
  25. ^Sax, Boria (2007). "Konrad Lorenz and the Mythology commandeer Science". In Aftandilian, Dave; et al. (eds.). What Are Animals to Us? Approaches from Science, Religion, Folklore, Literature talented Art. Knoxville: U. of Tennessee Look. pp. 269–276. ISBN .
  26. ^Sax, Boria (1997). "What pump up a 'Jewish Dog'?: Konrad Z. Zoologist and the Cult of Wildness". Society and Animals. 5 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1163/156853097X00196.
  27. ^Föger, B., & Taschwer, K. (2001). Go under andere Seite des Spiegels: Konrad Zoologist und der Nationalsozialismus. Czernin-Verlag.
  28. ^Kalikow, T. Detail. (1983). "Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory: Explication and ideology, 1938–1943". Journal of rendering History of Biology. 16 (1): 39–73. doi:10.1007/bf00186675. PMID 11611248. S2CID 26788185.
  29. ^Kalikow, T. J. (1978). Konrad Lorenz's "brown past": A return to Alec Nisbett.
  30. ^World Jewish Congress (18 December 2015). "Late Austrian scientist Konrad Lorenz stripped of doctorate for mendacity about Nazi past". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  31. ^Klopfer 1994; Deichmann 1992.
  32. ^Pfeffer & Pfeffer. 2014. Glimpflich entnazifiziert [Softly denazified]: Die Universität Wien nach dem 2. Weltkrieg. Vienna U Press.
  33. ^Dollinger, Stefan (7 August 2024). "Eberhard Kranzmayer's dovetailing with Nazism: His fascist stage and the 'One Standard German Bromide (OSGA)'". Discourse & Society. doi:10.1177/09579265241259094. ISSN 0957-9265.
  34. ^Klopfer 1994.
  35. ^Anonymous, "Austrian university strips Nobel Like winner Konrad Lorenz of doctorate franchise to Nazi past", Associated Press, 17 December 2015.
  36. ^"Uni Salzburg entzieht Konrad Zoologist die Ehrendoktorwürde". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ). 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015.
  37. ^ abTinbergen, N. (1963). "On aims and methods of ethology". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 20 (4): 410–433. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x.
  38. ^Lorenz, Konrad (1937). "On the formation of leadership concept of instinct". Die Naturwissenschaften. 25 (19): 289–300. Bibcode:1937NW.....25..289L. doi:10.1007/BF01492648. S2CID 41134631.
  39. ^Dawkins, Richard (1982). The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: City University Press. p. 2. ISBN .
  40. ^ abcDawkins, Richard (1976). The Selfish Gene (1st ed.). Metropolis University Press. pp. 9, 72. ISBN .
  41. ^Lorenz, Konrad (1979). The Year of the Goose Goose. London: Eyre Methuen. p. 6.
  42. ^Lorenz (1979), p. 7.
  43. ^Gli otto peccati capitali della nostra civiltà [Civilized Man's Eight Malignant Sins]. Milano: Adelphi Edizioni. 1974. p. 26. The citation is translated from say publicly Italian version of the book.
  44. ^LORENZ, Konrad. On Aggression. New York: Harcourt, Way & World, 1966. Translated by Marjorie Kerr Wilson. Originally published in Oesterreich under the title DAS SOGENANNTE BÖSE. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression. Viena: Dr. G. Borotha-Schoeler Verlag, 1963, p. 263.
  45. ^"Konrad Zacharias Lorenz". American Academy of Art school & Sciences. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  46. ^"Konrad Lorenz". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  47. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 10 Honoured 2022.
  48. ^"Titel "erschlichen": Uni Salzburg entzieht Konrad Lorenz die Ehrendoktorwürde". Faz.net – aspect www.faz.net.

External links

Konrad & Adolf Lorenz Museum KALM https://www.kalm.at