Life of pope gregory xvi biography

Head of the Catholic Sanctuary from 1831 to 1846

Pope Gregory XVI (Latin: Gregorius XVI; Italian: Gregorio XVI; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 Sept 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church unthinkable ruler of the Papal States breakout 2 February 1831 to his fatality in June 1846. He had adoptive the name Mauro upon entering grandeur religious order of the Camaldolese.

Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed self-governing and modernising reforms in the Hieratic States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for liberalism and laicism. Against these trends, Gregory XVI soughtafter to strengthen the religious and federal authority of the papacy, a send the bill to known as ultramontanism. In the missive Mirari vos, he pronounced it "false and absurd, or rather mad, stroll we must secure and guarantee around each one liberty of conscience." Stylishness encouraged missionary activity abroad and cursed the slave trade, which at representation time of his pontificate was to an increasing extent suppressed.

He is the most virgin pope to take the pontifical term "Gregory", the last to govern ethics Papal States for the whole growth of his pontificate, and the crest recent not to have been smart bishop when elected.

Biography

Early life

Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari was born at Belluno grip the Republic of Venice, on 18 September 1765, as the last pick up the check five children, to a local European lower noble family, notable since nobility 16th century, aggregated to the regional Nobility Council in 1670 and regularly linked to liberal professions but pule to the consecrated life. He was baptized at the parish of City Bellunese by his uncle Antonio Capellari. His parents were from a mignonne village named Pesariis, in Friuli. King father Giovanni Battista Capellari was uncomplicated notary. His mother Giulia Cesa was daughter of a notary. At depiction age of eighteen Bartolomeo Cappellari coupled the order of the Camaldolese (part of the Benedictine monastic family) careful entered the Monastery of San Michele in Murano, near Venice. He was ordained a priest in 1787.^[3] Owing to a Camaldolese monk, Cappellari rapidly gained distinction for his theological and long-winded skills, and was assigned to educate philosophy and theology at San Michele in 1787, at the age delineate 22.

In 1790, at the withdraw of 25, he was appointed censor librorum for his Order, as be a bestseller as for the Holy Office dig Venice.^[3] He went to Rome fasten 1795 and in 1799 published adroit polemic against the Italian Jansenists styled II Trionfo della Santa Sede ("The Triumph of the Holy See"),^[5] which passed through various editions in Italia and was translated into several Inhabitant languages. In 1800 he became well-organized member of the Academy of significance Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII (1800–1823), to which he unconstrained memoirs on theological and philosophical questions. In 1805, at the age have a high opinion of 40, he was appointed abbot method the Monastery of San Gregorio grasp Rome's Caelian Hill.

When the army pressure the French Emperor Napoleon took Brawl and arrested and deported Pius Figure to France in 1809, Cappellari frigid to Murano, where he taught make money on the Monastery of St. Michele censure his Order, where he had pull it off become a monk. From there explicit and a group of monks evasive their little college to Padua consider it 1814. After Napoleon's final defeat, honesty Congress of Vienna re-established the jurisdiction of the Papal States over primary Italy and Cappellari was called deadlock to Rome to assume the pushy of vicar general of the Camaldolese Order. He was then appointed bit Counsellor to the Inquisition, and following promoted to be Consultor (29 Feb 1820) and then, on 1 Oct 1826, Prefect of the Congregation try to be like Propaganda Fide ("Propagation of the Faith"), which dealt with all missionary disused outside of the Spanish Empire, with missions to the non-Catholic states acquire Europe.^[7] Twice he was offered first-class bishopric and twice he refused.^[3]

Cardinal

On 21 March 1825, Cappellari was created cardinalin pectore (published 13 March 1826) hard Pope Leo XII, and shortly consequently he was asked to negotiate wonderful concordat to safeguard the rights be more or less Catholics in the United Kingdom designate the Netherlands, a diplomatic task which he completed successfully. He also negotiated a peace on behalf of Asian Catholics with the Ottoman Empire. Flair publicly condemned the Polish revolutionaries, who he thought were seeking to mine Russian Tsar Nicholas I's efforts disparagement support the Catholic royalist cause border line France by forcing him to change his troops to suppress the insurrection in Poland.^[9]

Cappellari had never travelled elsewhere Italy and was most familiar expound Venice and Rome. He spoke European and Latin fluently, but no carefulness European languages, and did not see European politics.^[10] However, he was skilled in Armenian, and Haruti'iwn Awgerian (Pascal Aucher)'s 1827 Venice edition of entirety attributed to Severian of Gabala additional translated into Armenian was dedicated fail him.

Pontificate

Papal election

Main article: Papal company, 1830–31

On 2 February 1831, after spiffy tidy up fifty-day conclave, Cappellari was unexpectedly select to succeed Pope Pius VIII (1829–30). His election was influenced by nobility fact that the cardinal considered justness most papabile, Giacomo Giustiniani, was vetoed by King Ferdinand VII of Spain.^[3] There then arose a deadlock betwixt the other two major candidates, Emmanuele de Gregorio and Bartolomeo Pacca. What finally drove the cardinals to do a decision was a message get round the government of Parma notifying them that revolt was about to gateway out in the northern Papal States.^[10] To resolve the impasse, the cardinals turned to Cappellari, but it took eighty-three ballots for the canonically mandatory two-thirds majority to be reached.^[11]

At righteousness time of election, Cardinal Cappellari was not yet a bishop: he practical the most recent man to befit elected pope prior to his pontifical consecration. He was consecrated as churchman by Bartolomeo Pacca, Cardinal Bishop flawless Ostia and Velletri and dean admire the Sacred College of Cardinals, with the addition of Pietro Francesco Galleffi, Cardinal Bishop regard Porto e Santa Rufina and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, and Tommasso Arezzo, Cardinal Bishop be more or less Sabina, acting as co-consecrators.

The condescending of Gregory XVI as his regnal name was influenced by the occurrence that he had been abbot longawaited the Monastery of San Gregorio consciousness the Coelian Hill for more outweigh twenty years, and in honour manipulate Gregory XV, the founder of rectitude Congregation for the Propagation of nobleness Faith.^[3] The Monastery of San Gregorio was the same abbey from which Pope Gregory I had dispatched missionaries to England in 596.

Actions

The revolt of 1830, which overthrew the Studio of Bourbon, had just inflicted unblended severe blow on the Catholic rightist party in France. Almost the labour act of the new French management was to seize Ancona, thus throwing Italy, and particularly the Papal States, into a state of confusion contemporary political upheaval. Gregory issued a statement on 9 February 1831, one workweek after his election, expressing good option towards his subjects.^[12] In the plan of the struggle that ensued, rendering Pope found it necessary more stun once to call in Austrian encampment to fight the red-shirted republicans pledged in a guerrilla campaign. The rightist administration of the Papal States absent their promised reforms after a convoy of bombings and assassination attempts. Nobility replacement of Tommaso Bernetti by Luigi Lambruschini as Cardinal Secretary of Say in 1836 did nothing to reconcile the situation.

In the northern territories the leaders of the revolt were middle-class gentry opposed to the usual inefficiency of the government.^[10]

Governance of honourableness papal states

Gregory XVI and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such type gas lighting and railways, believing ditch they would promote commerce and spiraling the power of the bourgeoisie, influential to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the monarchical power female the Pope over central Italy. Saint XVI in fact banned railways flowerbed the Papal States, calling them chemins d'enfer ("road to hell", a diversion on the French for railroad, chemin de fer, literally "iron road").

The insurrections at Viterbo in 1836, in indefinite parts of the Legations in 1840, at Ravenna in 1843 and kid Rimini in 1845, were followed brush aside wholesale executions and draconian sentences pointer hard labour and exile, but they did not bring the unrest favourable the Papal States under the avoid of the authorities. Gregory XVI energetic great expenditures for defensive, architectural cranium engineering works, having a monument emphasize Pope Leo XII built by Giuseppe Fabris in 1837. He also lavished patronage on such scholars as Angelo Mai, Giuseppe Mezzofanti, and Gaetano Moroni. This largesse, however, significantly weakened representation finances of the Papal States.

Other activities

Encyclicals

Main article: List of encyclicals exercise Pope Gregory XVI

Other important encyclicals surface by Pope Gregory XVI were Sollicitudo ecclesiarum, which stated that in influence event of a change of authority, the church would negotiate with description new government for placement of bishops and vacant dioceses (issued 1831);Mirari Vos, on liberalism and religious indifferentism (issued on 15 August 1832); Quo graviora, on the Pragmatic Constitution in integrity Rhineland (issued on 4 October 1833); Singulari Nos, on the ideas call upon Hugues Félicité Robert de Lamennais (issued on 25 June 1834), and Commissum divinitus (17 May 1835) on service and state.^[16]

Apostolic letters

In supremo apostolatus, peter out apostolic letter or papal bull, was issued by Pope Gregory XVI on the institution of slavery. Issued saddle December 3, 1839, as a play a part of a broad consultation among goodness College of Cardinals, the bull resoundingly denounced both the slave trade become more intense the continuance of the institution frequent slavery.^{[17][18][19][20]}

Canonizations and beatifications

Gregory XVI canonized Flower Giuliani, an Italian mystic, during wreath papacy. During his reign, five saints were canonized (notably Alphonsus Liguori) be proof against thirty-three Servants of God were avowed Blessed (including the Augustinian Simon chastisement Cascia). In addition, many new nonmaterialistic orders were founded or supported pivotal the devotion of the faithful come close to the Blessed Virgin Mary increased, both in private and public life.^[3]

Consistories

Main article: Cardinals created by Gregory XVI

The vicar of christ created 75 cardinals in 24 consistories, in which the pope elevated 35 cardinals "in pectore", including his tomorrow's successor Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who would become Pope Pius IX. The poet also created six additional cardinals in pectore, though the pope died once these names could be revealed, so cancelling their appointments to the cardinalate.

In 1836, the pope wanted get as far as nominate Charles Joseph Benoît Mercy d'Argenteau to the College of Cardinals, however the archbishop refused the nomination for he did not wish to off his family and home for trig possible position in the Roman Organization. Gregory XVI nominated four in pectore cardinals on 21 April 1845 gleam one on 24 November 1845; Pontiff XVI also named another in pectore cardinal in the 12 July 1841 consistory, never revealing his name. According to Philippe Boutry, Alerame Maria Pallavicini (the Master of the Sacred Palace) was the in pectore cardinal proclaimed on 24 November 1845, however, Pontiff Pius IX refused to publish diadem name upon his ascension to depiction papacy less than a year later.^[21]

Death and burial

On 20 May 1846, sharp-tasting felt himself failing in health. Clean up few days later, he was occupied ill with facial erysipelas. At pass with flying colours, the attack was not thought take over be very serious, but on 31 May, his strength suddenly failed, reprove it was seen that the rest was near.^[3]

Gregory XVI died on 1 June 1846 at 9:15 am at time 80. That morning, he received honourableness Extreme Unction from the sub-sacristan Agostino Proja. After his funeral, he was buried in Saint Peter's Basilica.^[22]

See also

References

Sources

External links